Assignment on Computer

All the pre-press work is done mostly in Lahore (head office) except for the CTP process which is done in regional cities.

Software Used:

·     Photoshop

·     Quark express

·     Coral etc

·       Press:

Press refers to the printing of the newspaper.

The machine is Harris V-15D. It's a large sized machine, consisting of 10 units It's a high speed machine with a speed of 35000 runs per hour,

General Rules of Conduct:

Legality

Integrity

Loyalty

Transparency

Respect of Human Dignity Confidentiality

Functions of Organization

The main functions of the organization are:

·   News publishing

·   Awareness articles/ Editorials

·   Information processing

·       Process of news publishing

Planning is being done in the News linear Editing department that which news is to be published and which is not. What kind of modified news would be on

published, in what form and style by which the readers will get attracted.

Organizing is being done in the news reporting department because in organizing the resources are being allocated. As in the news reporting department all the news are being gathered due to different resources i.e. other news channels, newspapers, reporters, Websites of other news channels and through routers.

In the News Editing department where the news are edited through sub editors after this these news are going to IT department for type and print. fben the edited news with type and print form goes to proof reading department. After proof reading, these news processed in graphic or page making department. Page maker include in which news related pictures, doing setting of the news and design the page. When finalize the page after this these news page samples transfer to publishing department where the newspaper are published.

Chapter #2

Theoratical Backkround

·    Editorial

An editorial is an article that presents the newspaper's opinion on an issue. It reflects the majority vote of the editorial board, the governing body of the newspaper made up of editors and business managers. It is usually unsigned. Much

in the same manner of a lawyer, editorial writers build on an argument and try to persuade readers to think the same way they do. Editorials are meant to influence public opinion, promote critical thinking, and sometimes cause people to take action on an issue. In essence, an editorial is an opinionated news story.

Definitions of Editorial:  According to Carl Miller:

The author of "Modern journalism", an "Editorial is an easy written on some urgent matter whose aim, to bring conformity between the opinion of the reader and that of the editor"

According to Max Learner:

A prominent US journalist, has defined, "Editorial is a comment on those trends which lie at the core of daily occurrences"

According to Dr. Miskeen Ali Hijazi:

"Editorial is the written participation of the editor in a discussion on the same matter of extreme urgency"

Editorials have:

1.    Introduction, body and conclusion like other news stories

2.    An objective explanation of the issue, especially complex issues

3.    A timely news angle.

4.    Opinions from the opposing viewpoint that refute directly the same issues the writer addresses

5.    The opinions of the writer delivered in a professional manner. Good editorials engage issues, not personalities and refrain from name-calling or other petty tactics of persuasion.

6.    Alternative solutions to the problem or issue being criticized. Anyone can gripe about a problem, but a good editorial should take a pro-active approach to making the situation better by using constructive criticism and giving solutions.

7. A solid and concise conclusion that powerfully summarizes the writer's opinion. Give it some punch.

Function of editorial

Before analysis the functions of an editorial, it seems appropriate to review the editorial page of the newspaper, which carries the editorial. We already know that the news pages in the form of magazine give us knowledge and entertainment, but the editorial page aims at our guidance. At first, editorials did not appear on some fixed page but now they are always found on the page reserved for them. This has been done so that readers may trace them easily .The editorial, which appears under the flag on the editorial page of the newspaper, is also known as the leader.

Awareness:

The first function of an editorial is to keep the readers informed of the surrounding circumstances and then to provide adequate guidance to them. Readers generally have a bird's eye view of the new s, but it is the duty of an editorial writer to decide as to which news item is so

important that readers must have its complete background, information and knowledge.

Propagation of Noble Aims:

Editors have the responsibility to promote noble ideals and aims and to discourage harmful and dangerous trends. Trough their powerful editorials, they expose all sorts of social evils in order to reform the society.

Formation of Public Opinion:

Editorials contain all-the pros and cons of an issue and, thus invite the readers to form their own opinion or judgment. This sort of guidance certainly helps in the formation of public opinion.

Promoting the Habit of Thinking:

Editorial discuss various national problems and their regular reader gradually develops the habit of thinking seriously over all such issues. Afterwards, he shares his views and ideas with other. This open- mindedness proves very helpful in smooth functioning of social life.

Entertainment:

In some newspapers, the editorial is meant entirely to provide entertainment to the people. This end is achieved by the humorous columns that appear on editorial pages. Sometimes, English newspapers also have an entertaining editorial or column.

Writing an Editorial

1.    Pick a significant topic that has a current news angle and would interest readers.

2.    Collect information and facts; include objective reporting; do research

3.  State your opinion briefly in the fashion of a thesis statement

4.  Explain the issue objectively as a reporter would and tell why this situation is important

5.  Give opposing viewpoint first with its quotations and facts

6.  Refute (reject) the other side and develop your case using facts, details, figures, quotations. Pick apart the other side's logic.

7.  Concede a point of the opposition__ they must have some good
points you can acknowledge that would make you look rational.

8.  Repeat key phrases to reinforce an idea into the reader's minds.

9.  Give a realistic solution(s) to the problem that goes beyond common knowledge. Encourage critical thinking and pro-active reaction.

10.   Wrap it up in a•concluding punch that restates your opening remark (thesis statement).

11. Keep it to 500 words; make every work count; never use "I"

Types of editorial

In the principle, editorial are one type, that is, they should be effective and constructive. Moreover, editorial is not a literary genre or branch of knowledge, hence it cannot be of several types regarding the structure. However, for journalistic convenience, experts have enumerated a few types of editorials. This categorization is topical.

• News Based Editorial:

News editorial are intended to project all the overt and covert aspects of the news-story under hand. Today majority of the editorials based on news story. In such types of editorials generally discuss the important

news. For example, Increase in power tariffs, target-killing, etc. This type of editorial is called explanatory editorial.

·      Policy Editorial:

In policy editorial the policy of the news paper is reflected. Policy matters are discussed in policy editorial. These are written to explain the various aspects involved in these editorials and may editorials relate to numerous fields of life. It may be foreign policy, economic policy, fiscal policy or media policy of the government.

·      Social Editorial:

Social editorial are relate to the social, culture and other aspects of life concerning the masses in general. These are based on social problems of the humanity.

For example, unethical fashions, contaminated drinking water, lack of health facilities, and growing theft, etc.

·      Political Editorial:

It deals with the character, roles and behavior of politicians as well as the political affairs of the country. The decisions and the policies followed by the political governments are generally discussed in this type of editorial. If these policies are against the interest of general public the editor criticize them and urges the political leadership to change them.

·      Special Editorial:

This editorial is written on special occasion to highlight the importance of certain event. For example, all newspapers write special editorial on independent day of Pakistan and on the birthday of Quaid-e-Azam and Allama Iqbal etc.

·      Editorial of information:

In this type of editorial, general public is informed of innovations, inventions, a new event just like construction of a darn, air port, or a new highway like Motorway. The purpose of such an editorial is to inform the people of the importance of a new project, new machinery or new product.

·      Editorial of Entertainment:

This type of editorial is written in fashion magazine and very rare in the daily newspaper. The objective of this editorial is to please the readers by explaining an entertainment event or such events to be covered.

·      Editorial of Praise:

This editorial deals with the applauding of the performance and services of a leading figure. For example, the newspaper always praise the valuable services of Dr,Qadeer Khan for Pakistan's Nuclear program and Imran Khan's services for cricket.

• Criticizing Editorial:

In this type of editorial, the editor generally criticizes the government for its department responsible for Corruption, or abetting crime. Generally the leading figure of the government or the head of department are made the target of criticism for his failure to correct the wrong-do.

Chapter # 1

History of Newspaper

• Introduction:

A newspaper is a scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features and advertising. It usually is printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint. General-interest newspapers typically publish stories on local and national political events and personalities, crime, business, entertainment, society and sports.

Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing editorials written by an editor and columns that express the personal opinions of writers. The newspaper is typically funded by paid subscriptions and advertising.

A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers,

including editorial opinions, criticism, persuasion and entertainment features such as horoscopes; weather news and forecasts; advice, food and other columns;

reviews classified ads; display ads, editorial cartoons, gag cartoons and comic strips.

Newspapers typically meet four criteria:

·    Publicity: Its contents are reasonably accessible to the public.

·        Periodicity: It is published at regular intervals.

·    Currency: Its information is up to date.

·    Universality: It covers a range of topics.

·   History:

·     Gazettes and Bulletins:

In China 1582, there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing.

In Ancient Rome, government announcement bulletins were produced. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places. In the early 17th century , official government bulletins were circulated at times in some centralized empires.

In Early modern Europe the increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten newssheets. In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly gazette.

However, none of these publications fully met the classical criteria for proper newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the general public and restricted to a certain range of topics

• Newspapers:

The first newspaper was published in 1609 by Germany.

The first English-language newspaper was published in Amsterdam in 1620.

The first newspaper in France was published in 1631, La Gazette (Gazette de France).

The first successful English daily, The Daily Courant, was published from 1702 to 1735.

In 1704, the governor allowed The Boston News-Letter to be published and it became the first continuously published newspaper in the colonies. Soon after, weekly papers began publishing started in New York. In 1783, the Pennsylvania Evening Post became the first American daily.

In 1752, John Bushell published the Halifax Gazette, the first Canadian newspaper.

James Augustus Hickey is considered as the "father of Indian press" as he started the first Indian newspaper from Calcutta, the Calcutta General Advertiser in January, 1780. The first newspaper in an Indian language was the 'Saniachar Darpan'

The first Japanese daily newspaper that covered foreign and domestic news was the Yokohama published in 1871.

·      Journalism:

Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called journal ism.ln the yellow journalism era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. Criticism of journalism is varied as Credibility is questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and grammar; real or perceived bias; and scandals involving plagiarism and fabrication.

Newspapers have, in the modern world, played an important role in the exercise of freedom of expression. Leaked stories of corruption in political circles often choose to inform newspapers before other mediums of communication, relying on the perceived willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who would rather cover them. Some ways newspapers have tried to impro\ e their credibility by ethics policies and training, using more stringent corrections policies, communicating their processes and rationale with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication.

Media in Pakistan

·      History:

When we talk about media, we must know its history. Media history is based on PRINT media or we can say that it is the oldest media of mass communication.

Greater masses can abstract the information after its emergence. They allow reader to control exposure.

In the beginning (1947), Pakistan started a weak press with very little rules and regulations (very few news). Not a single newspaper was published in East Pakistan and Baluchistan, but in the NWFP (now Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa) had two daily newspapers. These newspapers were owned by Muslims who had migrated to Pakistan. Including Daily Azad and Moring news (shifted to Dhaka), Jang, dawn and anjam (in Karachi)

Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan, a great educationist, judge and social reformer did much for the development of Urdu journalism.

After Pakistan came in to his existence, a number of newspapers were published, but due to financial problems and many other reasons, they did not continue their publication such as ROSHNI, INQALAB and MUSALMAN.

English press was not so strong at that time due to problems like lack of education and development. Not a.single daily had been published from the area of East Pakistan from 1947 to 1971.

The first news agency was APP (Associated Press of Pakistan). It was established in 1947. It was a private news agency since 1947 to 1961. Government took its control on 1961 by an ordinance.

Except APP, there are six more agencies in Pakistan: PPI (Pakistan Press International) 1968, PA (Pakistan Agency) 1992, UNA (United news agency) and NNI (News Network International) 1992.

With the passage of time the role of media is increasing day by day.

Originally a private sector project in 1961 by prominent industrialist Syed Wajjid Ali who signed a joint venture agreement with Nipon Electric Company (NEC) of Japan, leading Pakistani engineer Ubaidur Rahman was appointed by Wajjid Ali to head the television project. By 1962 after a series of pilot transmission tests the project was quickly taken over by the Ayub government in 1963 in the greater national interest of Pakistan.

President Ayub Khan re-appointed Ubaidur Rahman in 1963 under the Ministry of Information to continue with the NEC joint venture collaboration in launch PTV. The project began with a tent on the back lot of Radio Pakistan, Lahore where a transmission tower and a studio were constructed. On 26 November 1964, the first

1

official television station commenced transmission broadcasts from Lahore,

followed by Dhaka, Bangladesh in 1965 (then the capital of East Pakistan, a third centre was established in Rawalpindi/Islamabad in 1965 and the fourth in Karachi  in 1966. Later centres in Peshawar and Quetta were established by 1974. Originally broadcast in black and white, PTV began colour transmission in 1976. With this new upgrade in techniques and equipment, the Pakistan Television Academy was founded and opened in 1987 to teach students who wished to work in the medium. As with the other agreement, the government financed most of the funds while the private venture capitalists offered to fund the remainder. PTV launched a full-scale satellite broadcasting service in 1991-92 whereas Digital I V satellite broadcasting was launched in 1999.

Pakistan Television News informs its viewers across the country on the latest newsworthy happenings on the national and international levels. During the past few years, there has been rapid expansion in the area and scope of news coverage

Current Affair programs have been regular features of PTV Transmission, ever- since its inception. A separate PTV Current Affairs Directorate was however, established in 1982.

• Mass Media after Independence:

After independence Pakistan got healthy traditions of journalism because most of the newspaper was owned by the Muslim and the newspaper owned by Hinds were shifted to India. The Muslim newspapers fully supported and propagated the ideology of Pakistan.

Quaid-I-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah on March 31, 1947:

"I expect you (journalist) to be completely being fearless. If I go wrong or for the matter, the Muslims league goes wrong in any direction of the policy or program. I want you to critics it honestly"

Pakistan journalism Industry started functioning with outdate machinery, meager resources, unskilled manpower, limited circulation and business/advertisement. Their major source of income was the circulation.

In Pakistan there 558 journals and newspapers at the time of independence. The circulation of the newspaper was increased to more than 505 by 1962.

Pakistan inherited abOut a dozen law's that relates to the functioning of press. During the life of Quaid-i-azam no exploitive legislation regarding freedom of press could be enacted but in 1949 after a few months of his death a piece of legislation as the "Public safety ordinance 1948 was promulgated.

In 1949 all five provincial ordinance were withdrawn and a comprehensive legislation approved by constituent Assembly know as the "Security act of Pakistan" was enforced the objective of this Act was to check the growth of print media. But even than the print media was continue to grow and the circulation of the newspaper was continuously rising.

In 1951, the circulation of the newspapers was rose to 1, 20,000 and in 1955,it was risen to 1,55,000. In 1959, it was jumped to 2, 59,000. In 1965 circulation of eight major newspapers was increased to 3, 99,250. The circulation of daily Jang at that time was 1, 50,000 while the circulation of daily Newa-i-waqt was 80,000 during 1964-65.

During 1950-60 latest printing machinery was import and English newspapers was published skilled workers were moved from small papers, where close due to harsh

anti- press policies, to major newspaper like daily Jang, Dawn, Pakistan Times daily Imroz, Nawa-i-waqt, and Magharab-i-Pakistan. Imroz was the newspaper which was published with latest get up and latest machinery under the editorship or Charagh Hassan Hasrat. The period was known as the era of establishment and consolidation of journalism.

·      Media environment after independence of Pakistan

Culture landscape:

·     Islam dominance society.

·     Counter Islam hegemonies design.

·     Promotion of Islam ideology.

·     Promotion of Urdu language.

·           Work for stability of Pakistan. Social Landscape:

·           Society divided into ethic group.

·           Society was multi linguistic, multi-culture, multi-ethics, multi-religious

schools of thoughts.

·     Main ethics groups were Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Blochi, and Urdu.

·     Main religious groups were Sunni, Shias, Ahle-Hadith, Bralvi, and Ahmadis.

·     Literacy rate was very low.

·     No industrial in for-structure

·     Islam is only a uniting force.

·     There was no concept of nationalism or secularism.

·        The ideology base of Pakistan was thought by the concept of separate country presented by Allama Muhammad lqbal.

·        Quaid-i- Azam wanted to introduce system of government which is the combination of Islam and democracy.

Objectives of Media:

·                  Promotion of the ideology o Pakistan.

Counter Indian's propaganda against Pakistan.

·                  Promote national cohesion/integration.

·                  Promote freedom of expression.

·                  Inform the people of the modem education and tradition.

·                  Dawn lays commendable role in countering Indian's propaganda,

·                  Naw-i-waqt promoted ideology of Pakistan.

Impact low literacy ratio in Print Media

Percentage of languages spoken in different parts of Pakistan:

•	Punjabi	44.68%
•	Pashto	15.42%
•	Sindhi	14.01%
•	Saraiki	8.38%
•	Urdu	7.07%
•	Blochi	3.75%

Impact low literacy ratio in Print Media

Literacy Rate in Pakistan:
•	Net involvement ratio at primary level	62%
•	Net involvement ratio at middle level	35%
•	Net involvement ratio at secondary/ metric level	23%
•	Net involvement ratio at inter level	10°A
•	Graduation level	2%

Islamic institution /mudaris = 22000 Percentage of religious group =97/0 Two leaders groups:

Sunni                   80%

Shiya                   20%

Population

Hindu              1.85%                               32 lakes

Christian         1.06%                               28 lakes

Sikh                0.04%                               20 thousands

Ahmadi           1.10%                                 20 lakes
• Impact of electronic media policy:

Total 49 channels were allowed out of which 15 are news channel, 32 are primarily entertainment and 2 religious. The dominating channels are Geo news, ARY TV, AAJ TV and Dawn. Geo TV owned by media group within (jang group of ne\N paper) is the most popular in Pakistan. Geo news is exercise more liberty in news particularly against the Govt.

Geo news has been shutdown many times. When general Mushraf imposed emergency in 2007, Geo TV Network in Dubai was ordered to stop all their live broadcasting of programs.

The most popular program of Dr. Shahid Masood and Hamid Meer were also stopped to broadcast in all major cites of Pakistan. This step was taken by President Asif Ali Zerdari. A few days before the launching of lawyers long march for the reinstatement of chief justice Iftikhar Ch.

The bang led to the resignation of information mister Sheereen rehman under the new liberal media policy 40 FM radios were allow to operate in different part the country. Now 100 toper news papers are being publish while 945 news papers magazine and periodicals. When 1^st FM Radio was allowed the license fee was just

3 million which has increase to 30 million. These radio stations are covering 80% of Pakistan territory and reaching 96.5% of the population.

Functions of PEMRA:

·        To improve slandered of information, education and entertainment.

·        To expand the choice available to the people in the media for news, current affairs, religious, art, culture, science, technology etc.

·        To facilitate the devolution of responsibilities and power to grows rout by improving the access to mass media at local and community level.

·        To insure accountably transparency and good governess by optimizing the free flow of information.

This four points was considers to support democratic process and media liberalization. Analysis of the performance has opinion that PEMRA only act as a license issuing authority and created regulatory barrios for broadcasters. It just collects money from the broadcasting operators. The PEMRA laws were used by G. Mushraf in his attempts to pressurize media. Some TV stations were shutdown and some other was hashed. The 12 member authority was democrats by bureaucrats and police officers.

·      Objectives of new Media Policy:

To counter Indian media propaganda against Pakistan.

·        To promote image as a free society.

·        To provide level playing field for all media players.

·        To build national image.

·        To weaken the print Media.

·        Role of News Agencies in Media:

There were three main news agencies which provided news and feature services to different newspapers. Every newspaper which needed their services paid services fee to these news agencies. These news agencies transmit news and features to newspapers through teleprinter. These news and features were in English language. The main function /duty of sub editor in the newspapers to translate these English news into the Urdu language for publishing them into their t Irdu dallies. The news agencies were as under:

·           Associated Press of Pakistan (APP)

·           Pakistan press International(PPI)

·           The United Press of Pakistan.(UPP)

Importance of news Agencies:

·           Authentic news

·           Wide coverage of different region and areas.

·           Low charges

·           variety of news

·           international coverage

·           easy source of news

APP and PPI had their correspondents all over the world particularly in Washington, London, Beijing, Moscow, Bonn etc.

Control Media:

·    National press trust (NPT):

·     Pakistan times

·     Daily Mashreq

·     Daily Imroz

·     Daily Morning News

·     Radio

·     Television

·     News agencies

·    Independent Media (groups)

Jang group of Newspaper

·     Daily Jang, Daily Awam,

·     Daily the News international.

·     MAG___ Fashion Magazine

·     Akhbar-e- Jahan

·     Geo- TV Cannel

1

Nawa I wat Group of Newspapers

·           Daily Nawa-i-Waqt

·           Daily The Nation

·           Weekly Nida_I_Millat

·           Waqt_Tv Channel

Herald Publication ltd

·           Daily Dawn

·           Herald-monthly English Magazine

·           Watan- Gujtrati language

·           Dawn News channel

Liberty Publication ltd

·           Daily Express

·           Daily Tribune---English

·           Express news channel

Khabrain Group of Newspaper

·     Daily Khabrain

·     Daily Post --- English newspaper

·     T.V channel 5

Chapter # 4

Internal and External pressure on media

Types of media:

·           Print media

·           Electronic media

·           Static media

Definition of print media:

Print, as distinguished from broadcast or electronically transmitted communications. Print media include such forms as newspapers, periodicals, magazines, books etc.

Definition of electronic media:

Channels of communication that serve many diverse functions, such as offering a variety of entertainment with either mass or specialized appeal, communicating news and information, or displaying advertising messages. The media carry the advertisers' messages and serve as the vital link between the seller of a product or service and the consumer. General term includes like television, radio, internet, CD-ROM, DVD etc.

Definition of static media:

Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content HYPERLINK "http://www.answers.com/topic/content-format"  HYPERLINK "http://www.answers.com/topic/content-format"forms. The term can be used as a noun (a medium with multiple content forms) or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which only use traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, and

interactivity content forms. Static media includes banners, pamphlets, broachers, hoardings etc.

Internal pressure on media?

Codes established by professional organizations and individual ethics are not the only informal control on media behavior. Most media organizations have other internal controls that frequently come into play. Writer statement of policy can be found in most newspapers, television, radio and motion picture organization.

• Types of internal pressure

Nature of ownership

Ownership is the socially supported power to exclusively control and use for one's own purposes, that which is owned. There are many consequences of the idea of ownership, both positive and negative; the 'moderate' view is that a degree of ownership is necessary for the proper operation of society, but that it can also lead to great injustice if taken too far. Needless to say, there are also many people who disagree with this view.

Advertisement

Almost all mass media are advertising media and many of them are exclusively advertising media and, with the exception of public service broadcastin2g, are privately owned. Their income is predominantly generated through advertising. Journalists have long faced pressure to shape stories to suit advertisers and owners .... The vast majority of TV station executives found their news departments `cooperative' in shaping the news to assist in 'non-traditional revenue development."Negative and undesired reporting can be prevented or influenced when advertisers threaten to cancel orders or simply when there is a danger of such a cancellation. Another problem considered censorship by critics is the refusal of media to accept advertisements that are not in their interest. A striking example of this is the refusal of TV stations to broadcast ads by Ad busters. Groups try to place advertisements and are refused by networks.

Internal policy

Rules are set by the organizations which are working in a state. Di fferent codes and rules of internal policy, which are create pressure on media through different ways. For example, ethical codes, religious codes and Government etc,

Government influence

Obviously, government influence involves in media pressure or restrictions. Like as some government personal news, defense news, criticism on government etc,

Political influence

Political leaders are highly involved in media pressure. Because some political leaders not like to publishes news against them. And also try to publish some news which is against their political enemies. Due to these political influences create pressure on media.

Tradition: Different traditions of a country or a nation also create pressure on media through non ethically, non educationally activities etc,

Self criticism

Some informal control over media content and practices comes from within but not

much. Compared to the amount of investigation reporting and critical analyses that newspapers magazines, television and radio conduct about other facets of society, the amount of internal criticism that they do seems insignificant. True there are some exceptions. Newspaper and magazines employ critics who comment on films and TV programs, but it is debatable if this criticism has any influence.

External pressure on media?

Laws and regulations are not the only control on the mass media, informal control, stemming from within the media themselves or shaped by the workings of external forces such as pressure, groups, consumers and advertisers are also important.

• Types of external pressure Foreign policy

Foreign policy creates pressure on media. Broadly speaking, media and public opinion are presented by realist theory as irrelevant to understanding international politics. Realism and liberalism is the most important fact for media. Due to these facts media not allowed to publishing against realism, that time media feel pressure to expressing our views or news.

Media laws

Media law is an area of the law which covers media communications of all sorts and sizes. Specialists in this field may work for individual companies, handling legal issues which come up in the course of doing business. They can also work for organizations which provide advocacy to people who run afoul of the law, or have private practices with consulting services and other forms of legal assistance available to clients. In short, media laws create pressure on media, when they run against media laws.

Social pressure

There are, of course, many social environments in which we live, and pressure can be exerted by culture, religion, family, friends, hobbies etc.. "Socialism is an economic and political theory advocating public or common ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources". Also socialism creates pressure on media. Because when media broadcast or published some non ethical, non cultural, non religious programs then public strike against media that fact create pressure on media.

Economic pressure

Another factor that is influence over media gatekeepers is potent money. In commercial media, the loss of revenue can be an important consideration in controlling what gets filmed, published, or broadcast. Economic control comes in many haps and forms. Pressure can be brought to bear by advertisers, by the

mediums own business policy, by the general economic structure of the industry, and by consumers groups.

International media pressure

That is a big part of pressure on media. Because international media Is very fast,

advance, and technically. New technology, new techniques, creates pressure on other media to hard working for good work.

Pressure from advertiser

Film and sound recording are financed by the purchase of individual tickets, albums, and tabs. The earn virtually no money from advertisers and consequently are immune from there pressure. On the other hand in the print media, newspapers depend on advertising for about 75 percent of their income; magazines drive 50 percent of their revenue from ads. Radio and television of course depend upon ads their income. The actual amount of control that an advertiser has over media content and behavior is difficult to determine. To keep the issue in perspective, it s probably fair to say that most news stories and most television and radio programs put together without much thought as to what advertisers will say about them.

Pressure group

Various segments of the audience can band together and try to exert control over the operation of mass media organizations. These groups sometime use the threat

of economic pressure or sometime simply rely on the negative effect of bad publicity to achieve their goal. In radio and television pressure groups can resort to applying legal pressure during the license renewal process. Because of broadcasting unique legal position, it has been the focus of a great deal of pressure group attention.

Chapter # 5

SOCIAL CHANGE

What is Social Change?

Social Change' is a term used within sociology and applies to amendment in social relationships or culture. In simple words it means such a change that deals with society, a planned community of people, as well as its members. 'Social Change' is also used as `Socio-Cultural Change' (in anthropology), The term social change is used to indicate the changes that take place inhuman interactions and interrelations. Society is a web of social relationships and hence social change means change in the system of social relationships. These are understood in terms of social processes and social interactions and social organization. Auguste Comte the father of Sociology has posed two problems- the question of social statics and the question of social dynamics, what is and how it changes. The sociologists not only outline the structure of the society but also seek to know its causes also. According to Morris Ginsberg social change is a change in the social structure.

Societies are characterized by change: the rate of change, the processes of change, and the directions of change. The actions of individuals, organizations and social activities have an impact on society and may become the medium for social change. The process of social change in any society is mostly very slow so that the members of the society are unable to differentiate between off and on changes in the society. To observe the change in the society various socialists describe theories factors and patterns of social change through which these changes are being brought.

Impact of Technology Change

Factor means those reasons which are essential to brought changes in society.

TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES

The causes of social change below affect or characterize every aspect of society across the world. On a macro scale, they shape all of our major social institutions (economics, politics, religion, family, education, science/technology, military, legal system, and so on. On a micro scale, they shape our values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. In sum, they influence our ways of life.

·           INDUSTRIALIZATION (Economic Change)

Change in the economy is one of the main factors of Social Change. If in any country there is some economic revolution, it would directly impact on the masses. Economic change brought change in the attitude and behavior of the people which later on results change in the society which is called Social Change. For example; being as a prime minister of Pakistan, Zulficiar Ali Bhutto, he announced Nationalization, a system in which all the private firms would be handed over to the Government. This Nationalization brought a major economic revolt in Pakistan, people were able to get more governmental jobs and the society was moving towards a change in their thoughts, behaviors and attitudes. This process results in a good communication between government and masses.

Characteristics of industrialized societies

'Smaller percentage of workforce employed in agriculture 'Increased division of labor, specialization of occupations

'Increase in education of workforce

'Increase in economic organizations (businesses)

'Stronger link between government and economy —interdependent

·   Technological change — new goods and services produced and new occupations result; control of environment and the need to do so.

'Geographical mobility 'Occupational mobility

•Population change:

'Demographic transition; move from (1) high birth rates and high death rates (with smaller population sizes) to (2) high birth rates and low death rates (with extreme population growth) to (3) low birth rates and low death rates (with populations maintenance).

'People have fewer children as society industrialized because role of family changes and technological advancements allow control of reproduction.

'Families change from extended to nuclear families due to geographic and occupational mobility. Family is no longer mainly seen as an economic unit.

• MODERNIZATION

The process of moving from an agrarian to industrial society is called Modernization.

Characteristics of Modern Societies

'Larger role of government in society and civil service to run governments 'Forming of social institutions to control behavior

'Laws and sanctions to regulate behavior

'Improved quality of life which means, ability to buy goods and services, better public health and housing facilities

'change of governments; replacing goods and services such a scars, mobile ; Change in occupations and careers

'Control over and management of environmental resources: oil, water, land, animals, etc... The ability to mass produce food, energy, etc...

'Larger role of science in society to produce knowledge to advance society. Larger role of education and universities.

'Improved quality of life — higher per capita GDP, ability to buy goods and services, more recreational time, better public health, housing

•Self-efficacy

'Ability to adapt, expects, and desire continuous change. Example: change of governments; replacing goods and services

such as cars, phone service, marriages; change in occupations and careers.

·           URBANIZATION

When large populations live in urban areas rather than rural areas, usually results from economic opportunities: either people move to a city for jobs, or rural areas become the sites of large businesses which leads to population growth. If the people from rural areas`heavily migrate to urban areas then the economy might deprived to give services to those people and create frustration among them and this would lead to the change in society's behavior, attitude and environment. In Pakistan, majority is living in ruler area but now seeking the better life style peoples are moving towards in urbanization. It is happened changing the social change awareness. Cities offer social benefits as well as economic benefits: transportation, schools, diffusion of new products and services, and health care, cultural resources.

Characteristics of urban populations

·More diversity

·Independence

'Weaker social attachments — higher crime 'Secularization

'Mass communication system self urbanization occurs to fast, infrastructure cannot support population (transportation, public health issues, housing, schools, emergency services, jobs). This can result in poverty and class conflict. Class conflict and poverty may also result if large urban areas experience loss of jobs.

• BUREAUCRATIZATION

Process by which most formal organizations in a society(businesses, government. non-profits) run their organizations via the use of extreme rational and impersonal thinking, an extreme division of labor, and record keeping All tasks and functions broken down into small parts which become positions in the organizational

hierarchy. Roles attached to positions. Pay and benefits attached to positions not persons. People can rotate in and out of positions but organization survives with little change. Although bureaucratization allows us to be highly efficient and effective and produce surpluses of goods and services, it also can lead to extreme inefficiencies:

Characteristics of Bureaucratization

'People in the organization become machine like — just performing the specific aspects of their role; no more, no less. People interactions with the organizations become machine like —example, voice systems.

'Wasting of workforce skills

'Inefficient transactions — have to speak to 10 different people before you get to the right person.

'Mass amounts of paperwork —jobs become largely processing paperwork. 'Miscommunication.

-Power is held by a few at the top of the hierarchy which can become problematic if they seek to protect their individual power in the organization, Bureaucrats.

• Temptation to cheat — corporate crimes. Often because of a lack of checks and balances which gets lost in the maze of offices, departments, positions, supervisors, managers, administrators, etc... or because of extreme power/position in the organization and ability to exploit it.

'Goal of departments becomes to survive in the organization and protect their own resources, rather than work together to provide a product.

Development of the means of transport and communication

Development of transport and communication has led to the national and international trade on a large scale. The road transport, the train sere ice, the ships and the aero planes have eased the movement of men and material goods. Post and telegraph, radio and television, newspapers and magazines, telephone and wireless and the like have developed a great deal. The space research and the launching of the satellites for communication purposes have further added to these developments. They have helped the people belonging to different corners of the nation or the world to have regular contacts.

Transformation in the' economy and the evolution of the new social classes

The introduction of the factory system of production has turned the agricultural economy into industrial economy. The industrial or the capitalist economy has divided the social organization into two predominant classes-the capitalist class and the working class. These two classes are always at conflict due to mutually opposite interest. In the course of time an intermediary class called the middle class has evolved

Technology and war

The dangerous effect of technology is evident through the modern mode of warfare. The weaponry has brought fears and anxieties to the mankind. They can easily destroy the entire human race reveal how technology could be misused. Thus greater the technological advancement the more risk for the mankind.

Chapter # 6

Conclusion and Recomandations

Internship in Daily Khabrain Newspaper was a learning experience where I managed to put in my competencies and enhanced my abilities in order to get a close view of practical work and corporate sector. I learnt how media organizations work and how hectic the job is to get the news delivered.

The whole experience^s of working at Daily Khabrain Newspaper was great. This organization has a superb work culture, great minds and very high quality of work. I learned a lot of things related about my field. The work I could complete here was very satisfactory. I have tried to develop as many ideas in my mind and even got very encouraging results with some of them. I hope my work on Daily Khatin. Newspaper helps me in my future life.