Thesis of REARING OF TRICIIOGRAMMA CHILONIS UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

REARING OF TRICIIOGRAMMA CHILONIS UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

Summary

Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was reared under laboratory conditions at 272°C and 65% RH with 10:14 h (light: dark) photoperiod. Rearing was carried out on the eggs of Sitotroga cerealella.Total life cycle of T chilonis was recorded as 6-9 days while male life span was observed as 4 days and female life span was 10 days respectively.

1. LNTRODUCTION

Egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis is a minute parasitic wasp being used as bio control agent worldwide (Consoli et al., 2010) against 80 million acre of forest and agricultural crops in 30 countries (Li, 1994). They parasitized different species of Lepidoptera effectively in different crops and vegetables including the bollworms of cotton (Ahmad et al., 2001). Their levels of parasitism sometimes reach to 100% depending upon the environmental conditions (Shahid et al., 2007). Pakistan has conserved T chilonis with other natural enemies (Irshad, 2008). T. chilonis lay their eggs into the eggs of their host and complete their development by feeding on the embryo of the host egg thus killing it. After 8-10 days adult wasp will emerge from the host egg in search of new hosts (Smith, 1996; Consoli et al., 2010). Successful release depends upon the quality production of bio control agents according to the natural conditions (Nadeem et al., 2004). A no of factors affect its performance including temperature, food and light (Hoffmann et al., 2001). Temperature is the major factor that influences its survival ability (Prasad et al.. 1999: Thomson, 2001). Use of Trichograinmasp in different pest control programs proves satisfactory as it gives high level of pest suppression in the field (Hussain et al., 2010). The success of its release also depends upon the factors such as interaction with target host, strain to released and different characters that determine the efficacy of parasitism (Bourchier and Smith, 1996). There is a need to study the fitness parameters to get the effective release/control (Nadeem et al., 2004).

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Trichogramma chilonis is an important egg parasitoid used for the control of sucir^---ane borers and other pest so, it was recommended that highest parasitism was obtained by the use of young Trichogramma chilonis(Ashraf & Fatima, 1993; zahid et al., 2007).

2. 1 Hosts

Trichognimnia can parasitize 400 different species of seven orders(Bao and Chen, 9119),Stotroga cerealella (oliver) is one of the suitable hosts for rearing Trichogramma species Flooders. 1930). It can also be parasitoids Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella(Zell) Inc the rice meal moth, Corcyra cephalonica(Stainton) (Greenberg et al., 1998).Trichogramrna reeased in the field against different pests in different parts of the world such as, Helicoverpa armgera. Ostrinia nubilalis, for the pests of cotton, tomato vegetables and sweet corn (Naranjo 1993; Consoliet al.1998; Mertzet al.1995; Romeis & Shanower 1996).

2.2 Preference

Host eggs preference was based on the two factors first ovipositional preference for the host and seconds the quality of resources for the larval development. T. chilonis preferred young eggs of its host as compared to old eggs as they are being not parasitized. Egg parasitism was decreases when the eggs are older than 48 h at the time of egg lying (Guang and Oloo, 1990; Schmidt et al., 1999; Farid et al., 2001).

2.3 Effect of temperature;

Temperature is the most important physical factor affecting biological aspects such as reproduction, type, parasitism (fecundity), duration of development, emergence rate and the Longevity of insects but Trichogramma chiloniscan survive to a wide range of temperature. (Stern and Bowen et al., 1963; Nadeem et al., 2009, 2010). It has been reported that an increase in temperature to 30^-C decrease the life span of parasitoid (Shirazi, 2006; Nadeem and Hamed, 2008). Although developmental time of Trichogramma specie is inversely related to temperature but it can also be depends upon the specie of Trichogramma chilonis (Bieicher and Parra 1989; Buttler and Lopez, 1980 et al) as the temperature increased, it can also increase the mortality (Gross 1988; cabello& vargas).

Max and min temperature for Trichogramma development are 9°Cand 36°C whereas its development was checked at six different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C) and two different levels of relative humidity (40-50 % and 70-80 %) (Kot, 1979; Kalyebi et al., 2004)

3.            Material and Methods

Culture of Sitotroga cerealella and Trichogramma chilonis wasmaintained in bio-control Li of PARC research and training station, Multan, Pakistan, under controlled environmental can&tions at 2^-=2°C and 65% RH with 10:14 h (light: dark) photoperiod.

3.1 Mass rearing of Sitotroga cerealella

3.1.1 3.1.1 Adult collection

Tin chambers having four trays inside were used for rearing of Sitotroga cerealella. They were keept on strands just above the floor. Trays were filled with roasted wheat (free from any zootamination). The top of the tins was covered with steel plate in order to avoid the escape of Auks Funnels at the end of the chambers were fitted into the plastic jars for the collection of moths. Moths were automatically collected in the plastic jars while jars full of adult collection were removed from the chambers in separate plates for egg laying (Fig. 1)

Fig. 1 Rearing chambers of Sitotroga cerealell

Moths were shifted to separate jars with the help of pressurized vacuum equipped with sieve at the bottom. They were put in plates having wheat flour, rotate the bottom of the jar so as to prevent the eggs. Eggs were collected after 24 h interval till the mortality of eggs. Collection was made save by sieving carefully the flour containing eggs. These eggs were put in a separate vial for storage or further rearing (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2 Egg lying apparatus for Sitotroga cerealella

3.1.1 Larval development

Whitish brown eggs of Sitotroga cerealellawere placed on the wheat pt---ent in the trays. Larvae will emerge out after 5-6 days and start feeding inside the wheat pain& after four molts larvae were pupate inside the grain. Before pupation larvae cut a window boie for the emergence of adult. Adult moths were collected with pressurized vacuum for egg Ins (Fig. 3a.b)

Fig. 3 (a) Wheat in trays (b) Eggs of Sitotroga cerealella released in tray on wheat

3.1.1 Breeding of Trichogramma chilonis on the eggs of sitotroga cerealella

Raring of Trichogramma chilonis was carried out in glass jars. Fresh eggs of Sitotroga were pasted on the cards with the help of glue and put them in transparent glass jars along with T. chilonis parasitized cards (when adults are emerging). After the emergence of the parasitized cards, they were allowed to lay eggs inside the eggs of the host. After the emergency of adults from the parasitized cards, they were allowed to lay eggs of the host . After four days of continuous parasitism host eggs were taken out from the jars and store in a separate cards were

Fig 4 Rearing of Triclwgramma chilonis(a) Eggs of Sitotroga cerealella(b)Sitotroga cerealella „s on cards (c)Un-parasitoidscards along with the aduls of T chilonis(d)Parasitoid cards of T. Chilonis.

3.1.5 Life cycle of Trichogramma chilonis

 Day 1

Tricchogrammachilonic adult were parasitized the host egg after emergence (Fig.5 )

After 1-3 days of parasitism

Larvae were start feeding on the embryo inside the host eggs, eggs start to turn tan in color.

After 4-6 days of parasitism

Trichohrammachilonis was in pupal stage, eggs were turned black.

After 6-9 days of parasitism

Egg parasitoid, Trichogrammachilonisa dults were emerged and start searching for its hosts.

Fig. 5 Adult T chilonis parasitizing the egg.

REFERENCES

AHMAD ,N, ASHRAF , M. AND FATIMA , B., 2001 Integration of mating disruption techniques and parasitoids for the management of cotton bollworms. Pakistan J.Zoolm., 33: 57-60

AHMAD ,N, ASHRAF , M. AND FATIMA , B., (1993). Control of sugarcane borers by inundate release of Trazoics.wirina chilonis (ishii). Pak. J. zoology, 25;23-25.

CONSOLI FL, PARRA JRP & HASSAN SA. 1998 Side -effects of insecticides used in tomato fields on the egg parasitoid Trichoggramma pretiosum Riley (Hym.,Trichogrammatidae), a -.isczal enemy of Tuta absoluta(Meyrick) (Lep., Gelechiidae). Journal of Applied Ena...x:nolog 12243-47.

Consoli, F.L,. Parra, J.R.P., Zucchi, R.A., 2010. Egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with f=_^--i^--asis on Trichogramma. In: Progress in Biological control. Springer, Heidelberg. :...ztmn, New York, p. 479.

Farid A, Sagib T. Khan AU, et al. 2001. Host age effect on oviposition preference and .:1.-•..tiopment of Trichogramma chilonis. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(2):

S E (1930). Mass production of egg parasitoid of genus trichogramma. Hilgradia, 4; 465-501.

Care=werz SM, Morrison RK, Nordlund DA, et al. 1998. A review of the scientific literature and  ethods for production of factitious hosts for use in mass rearing ofTrichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in the former Soviet Union, the United States. Western Europe and China.

Journal Entomology Science, 33: 15-32.

asm:e2 LQ. Oloo GW. 1990. Host preference studies on Trichogramma sp. nr. Mwanzai Schulten and Feinjen (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Kenya. Insects Science Application, 11: 757-763 Henderson K. 1993. Effect of host and parasite density on the egg parasite Trichogramma pretiosum (Hym., Trichogrammatidae). Entomophaga, 26: 445451.

Hoffmann, M.P., P.R. Ode, D.L.Walker, J. Gardner, S. van Nouhuys, and A.M. Shelton. 2001. Performance of Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogram-matidae) reared on factitious hosts, including the target host, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Biological Control, 21(1) 1-10.

HUSSAIN , D., AKRAM , M. IQBAL , Z. ALI A AND SALEEM , M. 2010. Effect of insecticides on Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Traichogrammatidae ) immature and adult survival J agric Res, 48: 531-537

&E. 1993. Life History of Trichogrammatoidea bactrae (Hymenoptera: liaboctrammatidae). an egg parasitoid of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:, Gelechiidae), amcmphasis on performance at high temperatures. Environmental Entomology 22,

L P B. D. Roitberg and D. Henderson,' 1999. The effect of rearing temperature on flight nimisatioc of Trichogramma sibericumSorkina at ambient temperature. Biol. Contr., 16:

"-.:11,r--jer. S. M. Smith, Influence of environmental conditions and ,

parasitoid volity on field performance of Trichogramma minutum. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 80

& knower TG. 1996. Arthropod natural enemies of Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)

Noctuidae) in India. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6, 481-508.

101. Mandel G, Schmuck R. 1999. Impact of Vairimorpha sp. (Microsporidia: 3arzeilidae) on T. chilonis (Ishii) a hymenopteran parasitoid of the cabbage moth, ³Punmil-al xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 74:1,111-%25.

Effect of temperature and photoperiod on the biological characters of Jpid. Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichgramrnatidae). Pak J. Sci, 9: 820-824.

It 1996. Biological control with Trichogramma: advances, successes, and potential if 'heir use_ Ann. Rev. Entomol. 41 (1): 375-406.

LOW Robinson and A. A. Hoffmann, 2001. Field and laboratory evidence for "iccisemina`vbithout costs in an egg parasitoid. Funct. Ecol., 15: 217-221.